Additive Main Effects And Multiplicative Interaction Research Articles

Genotype x environment interaction of essential oil by Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model and metabolomics based profiling of volatile constituents in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Genotype x environment interaction of essential oil by Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model and metabolomics based profiling of volatile constituents in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Country-wide, multi-location trials of Green Super Rice lines for yield performance and stability analysis using genetic and stability parameters

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important member of the family Poaceae and more than half of world population depend for their dietary nutrition on rice. Rice cultivars with higher yield, resilience to stress and wider adaptability are essential to ensure production stability and food security. The fundamental objective of this study was to identify higher-yielding rice genotypes with stable performance and wider adaptability in a rice growing areas of Pakistan. A triplicate RCBD design experiment with 20 Green Super Rice (GSR) advanced lines was conducted at 12 rice growing ecologies in four Provinces of Pakistan. Grain yield stability performance was assessed by using different univariate and multivariate statistics. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes, locations, and G x E interaction for mean squares (p < 0.05) of major yield contributing traits. All the studied traits except for number of tillers per plant revealed higher genotypic variance than environmental variance. Broad sense heritability was estimated in the range of 44.36% to 98.60%. Based on ASV, ASI, bi, Wi2, σ2i and WAAS statistics, the genotypes G1, G4, G5, G8, G11 and G12 revealed lowest values for parametric statistics and considered more stable genotypes based on  paddy yield. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model revealed significant variation (p < 0.05) for genotypes, non-signification for environment and highly significant for G × E interaction. The variation proportion of PC1 and PC2 from interaction revealed 67.2% variability for paddy yield. Based on ‘mean verses stability analysis of GGE biplot’, ‘Which-won-where’ GGE Biplot, ‘discriminativeness vs. representativeness’ pattern of stability, ‘IPCA and WAASB/GY’ ratio-based stability Heat-map, and ranking of genotypes, the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G5, G8, G10, G11 and G13 were observed ideal genotypes with yield potential more than 8 tons ha−1. Discriminativeness vs. representativeness’ pattern of stability identifies two environments, E5 (D.I Khan, KPK) and E6 (Usta Muhammad, Baluchistan) were best suited for evaluating genotypic yield performance. Based on these findings we have concluded that the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G5, G8, G10, G11 and G13 could be included in the commercial varietal development process and future breeding program.

Genotype by Environment (G × E) Interaction and Yield Stability of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Across Agroecological Regions of Ethiopia

ABSTRACTGenotype by environment (G × E) interaction obstructs breeding by persuading variations in genotype performance. The aim of the present study was to determine the stability and yield performance of Desi and Kabuli chickpea varieties at different agroecological regions of Ethiopia, using different stability parameters. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) for environments, genotypes, and importantly G × E interaction. AMMI and GGE biplot, AMMI's stability value (ASV) indicate that the Desi chickpea variety Teketay with mean yield of 2225.6 kg/ha (highest) and the variety Dimtu (1603.9 kg/ha) followed by Natoli with mean yield of 2004.9 kg/ha were found to be stable and adaptable to all environments. Similarly, from the Kabuli chickpea varieties, the variety Koka with mean grain yield of 2257.1 kg/ha (highest) and the variety Ejere with mean yield of 1997.6 kg/ha followed by Shasho (1798.59 kg/ha) were found to be stable and adaptable to all environments and should be promoted for production in chickpea‐growing areas of Ethiopia. In conclusion, identification of stable improved varieties for the different agroecological regions can assist the producers such as the farmers for the effective chickpea production. This leads to sustainable self‐sufficiency of food at the household and country level.

Evaluation of Efficiency of Weighted Average of Stability and Mean Performance Estimated by Linear Mixed Models for Identifying High‐Yielding Lentil Genotypes Adapted to Rainfed Regions

ABSTRACTA combination of the two methods of stability analysis, the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), based on weighted average of stability (WAASB) estimated by the linear mixed models (LMM) index identified the improved genotypes. In this study, 17 advanced genotypes of lentil were studied at two locations, Zanjan and Maragheh, during the two seasons. To examine the genotype × environment interaction, the AMMI and BLUP methods using the WAASB and weighted average of mean performance (WAASBY) index were combined to evaluate the performance stability of genotypes according to different experimental plots. Considering the significant genotype × environment interaction based on likelihood ratio test (LRT), data were analyzed by the BLUP method. The highest grain yield was detected for genotype 13, followed by genotypes 7, 11, 20, 5, 12, and 19 with higher productivity than the grand mean. To select genotypes according to yield and stability, the WAASBY index was defined by combining mean grain yield and stability. Considering 50:50 contributions for the two components, the grain yield and stability of the 13 genotypes were higher than the grand mean. The highest WAASBY was observed for genotypes 7, 20, and 12, which were determined as the best genotypes of lentil under agroecological conditions encountered in the current study regions.

Reliable and consistent genotype selection for leaf biomass and natural sennosides yield across multi-environments in Senna (Senna alexandrina Mill)

The relationship between genotype and season significantly hinders the development of stable genotype selection and improved genotypes for senna breeding programs. This study aimed to assess stable, high-yielding senna genotypes under South Indian conditions. Twenty-five different senna genotypes were tested for yield stability using a randomized, completely-block design. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to investigate the relationships between genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype × environment. Based on the findings, the three genotypes—GEN 1, GEN 9, and GEN 18—might be recommended for large-scale production. Stable and high-yielding genotypes should be the main genetic resources used in senna-based cropping season breeding programs.

An assessment of the impact of traditional rice cooking practice and eating habits on arsenic and iron transfer into the food chain of smallholders of Indo-Gangetic plain of South-Asia: Using AMMI and Monte-Carlo simulation model

The current study was designed to investigate the consequences of rice cooking and soaking of cooked rice (CR) with or without arsenic (As) contaminated water on As and Fe (iron) transfer to the human body along with associated health risk assessment using additive main-effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and Monte Carlo Simulation model. In comparison to raw rice, As content in cooked rice (CR) and soaked cooked rice (SCR) enhanced significantly (at p < 0.05 level), regardless of rice cultivars and locations (at p < 0.05 level) due to the use of As-rich water for cooking and soaking purposes. Whereas As content in CR and SCR was reduced significantly due to the use of As-free water for cooking and soaking purposes. The use of As-free water (AFW) also enhanced the Fe content in CR. The overnight soaking of rice invariably enhanced the Fe content despite the use of As-contaminated water in SCR however, comparatively in lesser amount than As-free rice. In the studied area, due to consumption of As-rich CR and SCR children are more vulnerable to health hazards than adults. Consumption of SCR (prepared with AFW) could be an effective method to minimize As transmission and Fe enrichment among consumers.

Elucidating genotype × environment interactions for grain iron and zinc content in a subset of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) recombinant inbred lines

Context Micronutrient enrichment of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.), an important food source in arid and semi-arid Asia and Africa, can be achieved by using stable genotypes with high iron and zinc content in breeding programs. Aims We aimed to identify stable expression of high grain iron and zinc content in pearl millet lines across environments. Methods In total, 29 genotypes comprising 25 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), two parental lines and two checks were grown and examined from 2014 to 2016 in diverse environments. Best performing genotypes were identified through genotype + genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot and additive main-effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model analysis. Key results Analysis of variance showed highly significant (P &lt; 0.01) variations. The GGE biplot accounted for 87.26% (principal component 1, PC1) and 9.64% (PC2) of variation for iron, and 87.04% (PC1) and 6.35% (PC2) for zinc. On the basis of Gollob’s F validation test, three interaction PCs were significant for both traits. After 1000 validations, the real root-mean-square predictive difference was computed for model diagnosis. The GGE biplot indicated two winning RILs (G4, G11) across environments, whereas AMMI model analysis determined 10 RILs for iron (G12, G23, G24, G7, G15, G13, G25, G11, G4, G22) for seven for zinc (G14, G15, G4, G7, G11, G4, G26) as best performers. The most stable RILs across environments were G12 for iron and G14 for zinc. Conclusions High iron and zinc lines with consistent performance across environments were identified and can be used in the development of biofortified hybrids. Implications The findings suggest that AMMI and GGE, as powerful and straightforward techniques, may be useful in selecting better performing genotypes.

Estimating phenotypic stability for relevant yield and quality traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using AMMI analysis

The presence of strong G x E (genotype by environment interaction) is a major hurdle for selecting superior genotypes when genotypes are placed into new and unfamiliar production systems. Genotype or cultivar (s) with high yield potential and having less adaptability and stability to particular environment is never a suitable choice for a breeder and farmer particularly. Purposefully, four successive seasons were chosen to enumerate the phenotypic stability of 27 French bean genotypes for yield and quality traits by involving modern statistical tools like AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction), GGE [G + (G x E)] and cluster analysis. AMMI analysis of variance witnessed magnitude of G, E and G x E was 81.94%, 11.58% and 6.48% of the total variation respectively. The IPCA I (Interaction Principal Component Axes) was contributed with 55.44%, 73.60%, 71.81%, 81.69% and 72.16% G x E variations of days to 50% flowering, pod length, number of pods per plant, average pod weight and pod yield respectively. For qualitative traits i.e., protein content (mg/100g FW), total soluble solids (%) and total phenol content (mg GAE/g FW) the involvement of IPCA I to total genotype by environment interaction variations were 89.55%, 96.07% and 66.52% respectively. The AMMI biplot revealed French bean genotypes viz., IC632961, Arka Sukomal, IIHR-PV-29, IIHR-PV-30 having low AMMI stability value and higher mean value for relevant yield and quality traits in both late kharif and rabi as two mega-environments. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant higher contribution of pod yield associated traits towards total variations and positive correlation between them. The 27 French bean genotypes formed five groups as per Euclidean distance and the clustering revealed the nature of diversity of French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, IIHR-B-PV-24, Arka Sukomal, Arka Arjun, Ayoka and Phalguni in response to changing environments and can be utilized in future breeding programme. The study revealed pole type French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, Arka Sukomal and bush type French bean genotypes viz., IIHR-B-PV-29, IIHR-B-PV-30 could be promising for utilization in future breeding programmes for the concerned traits.

Genome-wide association studies reveal stable loci for wheat grain size under different sowing dates.

Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) production is critical for global food security. In recent years, due to climate change and the prolonged growing period of rice varieties, the delayed sowing of wheat has resulted in a loss of grain yield in the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is of great significance to screen for natural germplasm resources of wheat that are resistant to late sowing and to explore genetic loci that stably control grain size and yield. A collection of 327 wheat accessions from diverse sources were subjected to genome-wide association studies using genotyping-by-sequencing. Field trials were conducted under normal, delayed, and seriously delayed sowing conditions for grain length, width, and thousand-grain weight at two sites. Additionally, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was applied to evaluate the stability of thousand-grain weight of 327 accessions across multiple sowing dates. Four wheat germplasm resources have been screened, demonstrating higher stability of thousand-grain weight. A total of 43, 35, and 39 significant MTAs were determined across all chromosomes except for 4D under the three sowing dates, respectively. A total of 10.31% of MTAs that stably affect wheat grain size could be repeatedly identified in at least two sowing dates, with PVE ranging from 0.03% to 38.06%. Among these, six were for GL, three for GW, and one for TGW. There were three novel and stable loci (4A_598189950, 4B_307707920, 2D_622241054) located in conserved regions of the genome, which provide excellent genetic resources for pyramid breeding strategies of superior loci. Our findings offer a theoretical basis for cultivar improvement and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding practices.

Selection of Durum Wheat and SSR Markers for Organic Farming in Central Italy Using AMMI Analysis

Durum wheat is one of the main crops in the Mediterranean region, which is characterized as the hotspot of climate change, with large year-to-year weather fluctuations. Although chemical input reduction in agriculture is strongly demanded, as well as healthy food, there is still a lack of stable and high-yielding crop varieties specifically adapted for organic conditions. This study evaluates the performance of fifteen durum wheat varieties in terms of suitability for organic farming in central Italy and assesses the impact of the genotype–environment interaction (GEI) on productive and quality traits. Variety performance was evaluated in field experiments over four successive seasons. In addition, a genotypic diversity analysis of 38 microsatellites associated with traits important for organic farming was performed. The AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) stability analysis revealed that the best and most stable genotype regarding quality traits, such as thousand-kernel weight, protein content, and test weight was the ancient variety, Senatore Cappelli. The most stable and high yield was determined for the Fuego, Iride, and Mv-Pelsodur genotypes. Moreover, SSR markers that could be used for plant breeding, targeting organic farming systems based on molecular markers and GEI results, were identified.

Assessment of genetic diversity and stability performance of 38 genotypes of onion (Allium cepa L.)

ABSTRACT The current study was conducted at four different locations in India in order to evaluate the genetic diversity and stability of 38 genotypes of onion (Allium cepa L.) under various climatic circumstances. The genetic diversity was evaluated through cluster analysis which divided thirty-eight genotypes into two major clusters (cluster I and cluster II) each of which had 20 and 18 genotypes. As per Additive Main-effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model, five genotypes from cluster I, namely Accession (Acc.) 1217, 1209, Bhima Shweta, 1639, and 1640 were shown to have greater adaptation, with regressive values of 0.14, 0.74, 1.51, 2.11, and 2.17, respectively and marketable yields ranging from 176.23–227.31 q/ha. The mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters revealed that the cluster I and cluster II genotypes showed maximum marketable yield, total yield and average bulb weight. Based on the findings of the assessment study, these stable genotypes could be utilised as parent plants in future breeding programmes to develop high-yielding onion varieties that not only showcase stability but also possess widespread adaptability, thereby enhancing overall onion crop performance.

AMMI and GGE biplot analysis for genotype × environment interactions affecting the yield and quality characteristics of sugar beet.

Sugar beet, an important sugar crop, contributes significantly to the world's sugar production. However, genotype-environment interactions (GEI) often affect the quality characteristics of sugar beet. Hence, understanding the effects of GEI on sugar beet quality can aid in identifying high-quality genotypes that can adapt to different environments. Traditional variance analysis can only be used to examine the yield of a variety and not its specific adaptability to specific conditions. Therefore, more comprehensive analytical methods are required to evaluate the characteristics of the variety under specific environments. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot models can be employed to comprehensively evaluate different varieties and address the drawbacks associated with a single evaluation method. Moreover, these models also allow us to explore new varieties more objectively and comprehensively. In this study, the adaptability and stability of 16 sugar beet varieties, in terms of yield and sugar content, were evaluated using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis in seven pilot projects undertaken in 2022. In the assessment of a small but significant proportion of the total GEI variance for the two qualitative traits (yield and sugar content), 80.58% of the variance was explained by the cumulative contribution of IPC1, IPC2, and IPC3. AMMI and GGE biplots clearly highlighted that KWS4207 (G3) exhibited high and stable quality. They also demonstrated that the experiments in Jalaid Banner (Inner Mongolia) (E7) were the most representative. Together, the results suggested that the comprehensive application of AMMI and GGE biplot analysis allowed for a more comprehensive, scientific, and effective evaluation of sugar beet varieties across different regions. The findings offer a theoretical basis for sugar beet breeding and could guide the rational design of experiments for testing new varieties of sugar beet.

Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments

Abstract The three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee (GAC) are distributed widely in the Gayo Highlands, Aceh Province, Indonesia, between 900 and 1,700 m above sea level (masl). The difference in altitude affects the yield and quality of coffee, and Arabica coffee has biennial bearing characteristics, so there are always annual yield fluctuations. This study aimed to determine the yield performance and stability level of the three GAC cultivars, Gayo 1, Gayo 2, and Gayo 3 (G3), across six different environments. The study used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The six environmental conditions are the combinations of two altitudes (900 and 1,500 masl) and 3 years of production (2019, 2020, and 2021). The estimation of coffee yields is based on the fruit value, which is calculated by the number of productive branches per tree, nodes per branch, berries per node, and the weight of a single cherry. An investigation of the genotype-by-environmental interaction using a combined analysis of variance and the yield performance and stability analysis performed using the Eberhart and Russell method, AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE (genotype + genotype × environment) biplot analysis. Results showed that the yield performance of GAC was significantly affected by the interaction between genotype and environment. G3 was an ideal cultivar because it had high yield performance, was stable, and could adapt to broader environments in Gayo Highland. Therefore, G3 deserves high priority for Arabica coffee development in that region.

Genotype × environment interactions of organic winter naked barley for agronomic, disease, and grain quality traits

AbstractThe modeling of genotype × environment interactions (GEI) is important to understand how new crops perform in different environments and management systems. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a type of barley where the hull threshes freely from the grain and can be used for multiple end uses, including food, malt, and animal feed. We examined the performance of a winter naked barley trial grown in organic conditions across three regions and 3 years in northern latitude regions of the United States. We recorded yield, test weight, heading date, plant height, threshability, winter survival, barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Westend), barley scald (Rhynchosporium commune Zaffarano, McDonald and Linde sp. nov), and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus, anamorph Bipolaris sorokiniana (S. Ito &amp; Kurib.). Barley stripe rust, plant height, heading date, preharvest sprouting, and threshability had high heritability and low GEI. Grain yield, test weight, scald, and winter survival had high GEI and were analyzed using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, genotype plus GEI biplot (GGE), and Finlay–Wilkinson (FW) stability analysis. The environmental patterns explained by the AMMI and GGE models indicated that selection for high GEI traits should occur within target environments and across multiple years within the target environments. Environmental groups were separated by Oregon as the first group and Wisconsin and New York as the second group.

Analysis of stability for nut yield and ancillary traits in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Cashew is cultivated in varied agro-ecological regions of India and yield levels vary with regions. Therefore, to identify stable genotype for yield, 18 genotypes were tested in four environments for nut yield and ancillary traits during 2008 to 2018 in randomized block design with two replications. The data of 6th annual harvest and cumulative nut yield of six years was analyzed employing additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) methods. Analysis of variance for 6th annual harvest indicated significant differences (p < 0.01) for eight traits. Environments varied significantly (p < 0.01) for seven traits. Genotype by environment (G × E) interactions were significant (p < 0.01) for all traits. Analysis of variance for cumulative yield revealed significant variations between genotypes, environments, G x E interactions. Interaction principal component analysis (IPCA) 1 (84.39%) and IPCA 2 (10.27%) together captured 95% of variability. Genotypes, environments and G × E interaction were accounted for 16.18%, 4.50% and 77.22% respectively of total variation. The environment Pilicode discriminated better while Vridhachalam was representative. BPP-8 and Vengulra-7 were the winning genotypes in Bhubaneswar while Kanaka and Priyanka in Pilicode, Vengurla-4 in Jhargram and UN-50 in Vridhachalam. Therefore, promoting cultivation of these winning genotypes in the corresponding environments is highly recommended to enhance cashew nut production. As per ASV (AMMI stability value,) K-22-1 was stable genotype followed by Bhubaneswar-1. As per YSI (yield stability index), Bhubaneswar-1 was stable and high yielding followed by K-22-1 and BPP-8. Thus stable genotypes identified in this study viz., K-22-1 and Bhuvaneswar-1 are recommended for cultivation in west and east regions of India which have most cashew growing areas for increasing the cashew nut production.

Cultivar variability and stability of vegetable-type soybean for seed yield and pod shattering

Vegetable-type soybean, also known as “edamame”, was introduced to South Africa in 2009 to serve as an alternative high-protein cash crop for production by small-scale growers. Since their introduction, cultivars have been evaluated and morphologically characterised to identify suitable cultivars for production in specific environments and also to gather data for future breeding programmes. The objective of this study was to investigate genotype by environment interaction and cultivar stability through additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) as well as genotype plus genotype by environment biplot analysis across seven environments and two growing seasons in 15 vegetable-type soybean cultivars for seed yield and pod shattering. Based on AMMI stability values and genotype stability index scores, cultivars AGS418, AGS457 and AGS458 were the most desirable in terms of stability and performance for both seed yield and pod shattering resistance and could be considered for commercial release. Of all vegetable-type soybean cultivars studied, cultivar AGS354 had the best pod shattering resistance and it showed specific adaptation to the Winterton, and Mariannhill October and Mariannhill November planting dates mega-environment in terms of seed yield. This cultivar should be considered for production in these environments. Ladysmith was identified as the most suitable environment for selecting and breeding cultivars with wider adaptability.

Assessment of Genotype X Environment Interaction and Seed Yield Stability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Using AMMI Analysis

Sesame is considered as an important oilseed crop in terms of nutritional and medicinal properties. Seed yield of any crop is highly labile to environmental factors, which may cause significant reduction in the yield performance. To get substantial stable yield production in crops like sesame, there is urgent need to identify stable genotypes that perform well under different environmental conditions. Thus, the present study has been planned with the aim to assess genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and stability analysis for seed yield per plant using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The experiment involved evaluation of 20 sesame genotypes in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under three artificially created environments by providing different levels of fertilizers.  The environment wise analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant genotypic variance across all the environments. Additionally, AMMI ANOVA revealed significant environment, genotypes and GEI components. GEI component was further classified to interaction principal components (IPC), IPC1 and IPC2, which explain 66.18% and 33.82% of variance due to GEI, respectively. Further, through different stability indices (ASV and GSI) and AMMI biplots, it was revealed that genotype RT-346 and RT-351 are considered as stable genotypes and these can be further recommended to farmer under varying fertility conditions.

Simultaneous evaluation of yield and stability of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties under Egyptian conditions using AMMI and GGE biplot approaches

An experiment was conducted on stability analysis of seven diverse monogram sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties for root and sugar yields and their attributes grown under three harvesting dates after sowing during 2021-22 and 2022-23. The data generated from eighteen environments representing the combinations among harvesting dates, locations, and seasons were subjected to additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) genotype main effect and genotype x environment interaction (GGE Biplot) analysis. Results obtained from AMMI combined analysis of variance showed that the main effects of sugar beet varieties, environments, and their interaction were highly significant for all studied traits. It is observed that sugar beet plants grown in the Nubaria region and harvested after 210 days, gave the best results for most root and sugar quality traits. The analysis further revealed that Volna and Klara varieties were the elite ones regarding root and sugar yields, and juice quality parameters as an overall mean across the environments. AMMI stability analysis indicated the variety Vangelis was broadly or narrowly stable under different environments and reflected somewhat good performance for most studied traits, while Klara and Volna were considered very promising as above stable ones using GGE Biplot graphs. The findings indicated that GGE Biplot graphs are more accurate and more informative as compared to AMMI stability analysis.

Stability analysis of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes using AMMI and GGE biplot models and ideal genotype selection indicator

A study on stability analysis was carried out on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes grown at multilocation over two cropseasons. Based on additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, the first two IPCAs explained 91.93% of the GEIvariation (74.84 and 17.09% for IPCA1 and IPCA2, respectively). Based on AMMI 2, the best genotype for environments RA1 and RA2 was 201. The genotypes, ICG192 and ICG130 were found suitable for environments TA1 and TA2, respectively. ICG178 was better adapted to environment MA2, whereas ICG140 and the control NC2 were the best genotypes for environment RA2. In the GGE biplot, PC1 and PC2 explained 81.22 and 13.33% of the total GGE variance. Based on the ideal genotype selection index (IGSI), the genotypes, ICG115, ICG201, and ICG178 were stable and can be used in the breeding programs to develop new varieties.

Bioactive Compounds Concentrations and Stability in Leaves of Ilex paraguariensis Genotypes

Yerba mate consumption has been stimulated by scientific discoveries that have identified high concentrations of bioactive compounds and their health benefits. We were interested in quantifying caffeine, theobromine, total phenolic compounds and protein concentrations in yerba mate genotypes and their stability over four years on the same plants. Mature leaves from adult yerba mate genotypes selected on a provenance and progenies trial were collected in August of 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine) were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteau spectrophotometric method and total protein analysis by the micro-Kjeldahl method. Genotype stability was analyzed through the AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) procedure. Our results indicate large variations between genotypes regarding caffeine (0.035 to 2.385 g 100 g−1), theobromine (0.0004 to 1.772 g 100 g−1), total phenolic compounds (7.028 to 9.424 g 100 g−1), proteins (10.39 to 16.58 g 100 g−1) contents and the high stability of those compounds over the four evaluated years, on the same plants. This information, combined with the stability of bioactive compounds, establishes a significant potential for innovation within the Ilex paraguariensis species.